??????????

?????????? ₄₄Ru
?????? ?????????????
????? ???????	??????????, Ru
?????	silvery white metallic
?????????????????????? ??????????
	???????????? ← ?????????? → ????????
?????? ???????? (Z)	44
??????? ?????	group 8
???????????????????	period 5
?? ????????? ????????? (Ar)
?????????? ??????????	[Kr] 4d7 5s1
????????????? ??????????????????	2, 8, 18, 15, 1
????????????????? ?????????????
?????????????	2607 K ?(2334 °C, ?4233 °F)
??????????	4423 K ?(4150 °C, ?7502 °F)
??????????? (?????????????)	12.45 g/cm3
	10.65 g/cm3
????????????	38.59 kJ/mol
????????????? ???	619 kJ/mol
????? ?????????	24.06 J/(mol·K)
????????? ???????????
?????????? ???????????????	Pauling scale: 2.2
??????????????????????????	1st: 710.2 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1620 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2747 kJ/mol
????????? ?????????	empirical: 134 pm
???????????????????	146±7 pm
Miscellanea
?????????? ???????????	?hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
???????????????	5970 m/s (at 20 °C)
??? ???????????	6.4 μm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
????????????	117 W/(m·K)
???????? ???????	71 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
???????????	paramagnetic
??????? ?????????????? (χmol)	+39×10?6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	447 GPa
Shear modulus	173 GPa
Bulk modulus	220 GPa
????????? ??????	0.30
Mohs hardness	6.5
Brinell hardness	2160 MPa
CAS Number	7440-18-8
??????????????
????????????	after Ruthenia, the 19th-century Latin name for Russia
????????????????????? ???????????????????	Karl Ernst Claus (1844)
????????????? ??????????? ????????????????
	???????????? \| ????????; ????????; ???????; \| ???????

?????????? (Ruthenium) ?????????? rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum ???? ??????????????????? platinum group metals ???????????? ????????? Ruthenium ?????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????? (?????????)????? aqua regia ????? ???????????????? ???????????????? potassium chlorate ?????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????? molten alkalis ?????? ??????????????

?????????????

????????????????? ??? ?????????????????????????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????? chip resistors ????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????? electrochemical cells ???????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? (anodes)????? ??????????????

?????????????? palladium ????? platinum ?????????????? ??????????????????????????? ???? ???????????????????????????? titaniumin ???????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????? (alloys)? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? (pen nibs) ????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ????????????? cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten ????? ???????????????????????? ?????????? ???????? (alloys) ????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????? Ruthenium ??? ????????????????? ???????????????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????(H2S)??? ??????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? methanol ???? acetic acid ?????????????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ammonia ?????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????? ruthenium ?????????????? ????????????????????(visible spectrum)?????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????

???????? ?????????????????

????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? Ruthenium ??? ??????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????? platinum, osmium, iridium ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? laurite, ruarsite ????? ruthenarsenite ?????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????????? ????????????

????????????????? ???????????????

?????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? RuO2 ????? RuO4 ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????

Rhutenium 106 ??? ???????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????? radionuclides ??????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????

??????????????? ???????????????

????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????^[?]

??????

↑ It was common to give newly discovered elements Latin names (for example, lutetium and hafnium, both discovered in early 20th century, are named after the Latin names for Paris and Copenhagen). Claus chose to name the element "in Honour of my Motherland",^[?] and Claus was a Russian subject; as such, he chose the Latin name for Russia used back in the day, Ruthenia, as the basis for his name.^[?]
In contemporary Latin (as well as in contemporary English), Russia is usually referred to as Russia, and the name Ruthenia stands for a region in and around Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine.

???????

↑ ^?.? ^?.? Haynes, p. 4.130
↑ Matthey? Johnson? The Discovery of Ruthenium (in en-US)? 2025-08-07 ???? ????????????
↑ Pitchkov, V. N. (1996). "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Platinum Metals Review 40 (4): 181–188.
↑ ??????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????

? ?????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ???????

[name_origin-4] It was common to give newly discovered elements Latin names (for example, lutetium and hafnium, both discovered in early 20th century, are named after the Latin names for Paris and Copenhagen). Claus chose to name the element "in Honour of my Motherland",^[?] and Claus was a Russian subject; as such, he chose the Latin name for Russia used back in the day, Ruthenia, as the basis for his name.^[?]
In contemporary Latin (as well as in contemporary English), Russia is usually referred to as Russia, and the name Ruthenia stands for a region in and around Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine.

[crc2-1] ?.? ^?.? Haynes, p. 4.130

[2] Matthey? Johnson? The Discovery of Ruthenium (in en-US)? 2025-08-07 ???? ????????????

[DiscoRu-3] Pitchkov, V. N. (1996). "The Discovery of Ruthenium". Platinum Metals Review 40 (4): 181–188.

[5] ??????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????????

[?]

[?????? ?]

[?]

[?]

[?]

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